Folia Parasitologica 58[2] 81-86 (2011) | DOI: 10.14411/fp.2011.008

Diversity of microsporidia (Fungi: Microsporidia) among captive great apes in European zoos and African sanctuaries: evidence for zoonotic transmission?

Bohumil Sak1, Martin Kváč1,2, Klára Petrželková3,4, Dana Květoňová1, Kateřina Pomajbíková5, Martin Mulama6, John Kiyang7, David Modrý1,5
1 Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
2 Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
3 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
4 Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
5 Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
6 Sweetwaters Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Nanyuki, Kenya
7 Limbe Wildlife Centre, Cameroon

Two hundred and seventeen captive great apes (150 chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes; 14 bonobos, Pan paniscus; 53 western gorillas, Gorilla gorilla) and 20 personnel from thirteen European zoos and two African sanctuaries were sampled and examined in order to determine the occurrence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and species of Encephalitozoon in faecal specimens and to compare the epidemiological situation between zoos and sanctuaries. Microsporidia were detected at all sampling sites. Sequence analyses of ITS amplicons generated by using microsporidia-specific primers determined the presence of microsporidia in 87 samples including 13 humans; since two cases of simultaneous occurrence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were identified, 89 full-length ITS sequences were obtained, namely 78 Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I, five E. cuniculi genotype II, two E. hellem 1A and four Enterocytozoon bieneusi. No Encephalitozoon intestinalis-positive samples were identified. This is the first report of Encephalitozoon species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in captive great apes kept under various conditions and the first record of natural infection with E. hellem in great apes. A comparison of zoos and sanctuaries showed a significantly higher prevalence of microsporidia in sanctuaries (P<0.001), raising a question about the factors affecting the occurrence of microsporidia in epidemiologically and sanitarily comparable types of facilities.

Keywords: Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon, prevalence, primates, chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes, bonobo, Pan paniscus, western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla

Received: December 8, 2010; Accepted: February 14, 2011; Published: June 1, 2011  Show citation

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Sak, B., Kváč, M., Petrželková, K., Květoňová, D., Pomajbíková, K., Mulama, M., Kiyang, J., & Modrý, D. (2011). Diversity of microsporidia (Fungi: Microsporidia) among captive great apes in European zoos and African sanctuaries: evidence for zoonotic transmission? Folia Parasitologica, 58(2), 81-86. doi: 10.14411/fp.2011.008
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